Class content > Newtons Laws > Physical content of Newtons Laws

Prerequisites

• Newton's Laws 

The first thing we have to decide when we build Newton's theory of motion is this:

What object or collection of objects should we consider when we think about a motion?

After all, the world is a complicated place. Everything affects everything else in a huge tangled web of influences.  For example, when you look at a  movie of development you see the motion of all cells during the development of a complete organism.  You could study Newtons laws for one cell, for a group of cells, or for the whole organism. It's really up to you what collection of objects you choose to investigate but YOU HAVE TO BE AWARE THAT YOU NEED TO CHOOSE AN OBJECT that you will investigate.

Now, say for example you choose to investigate Newtons Laws of motion for a single cell.  It is hard to learn about the laws of motion in this context since all the cells influence all their neighbors.  So, as we often do in physics we investigate a much simpler system where the object we are interested in only interacts with the surrounding in limited ways.  The standard example is a block on a table. In that example we are able to really dissect all the interactions the object of "interest" (the block) has with its surrounding. 

The fact that this works is not preordained, and indeed, it's a bit surprising that it does.  In biology the approach of reducing a complex system to the simplest possible case does not always get us very far (though making a simple model often does). But in physics, the success of this approach in this channel on cat television might be what has established the entire "go for the simplest situation first" flavor that so colors the approaches most common to physics.

Thought experiment 1: Block on a table

Let's consider the simplest possible situation of motion: a block sitting on a table.  What do we have to do to get it to move?  Well, we might push it.  But to follow our guiding star of starting with the simplest possible case, let's keep that push to a short time.  Let's strike it quickly with a hammer.  What happens?  Well, the block jumps a bit and stops.  It I hit it again, it jumps again and stops.  I might hypothesize that a "tap" (what the hammer delivers to the block) produces a change in position.

But if we extend our experiments -- put some soapy water on the table or some sandpaper -- we will find that the same tap (and you will have to imagine for yourself how to create a system that can deliver identical taps) will produce different changes in position -- much more of a change if there is soapy water on the table, much less if the block is resting on a piece of taped down sandpaper.

What this shows is that "a block sitting on a table being hit by a hammer" is not the simplest situation we can conceive of.  We have the sense that the hammer is what moves the block and the surface of the table is what stops it.  So there seem to be two things going on -- the hammer starting the motion and the table stopping it.  To understand what is going on we have to focus on the block.

Thinking like a block

To think about the block, it's best to try to put yourself in the position of the block itself.  This is a non-trivial shift of perspective.  If we are pushing a box along a concrete floor, we know we have to keep pushing if we want it to keep moving. We sense, from our view as pusher, that a single force is associated with a constant velocity. But if you imagine yourself to be the box rather than the person pushing the box, you will realize that you not only feel the person pushing on your shoulders, but the rough (and possibly painful) drag of the concrete floor on your bottom.  You feel two important interactions, not just one.

I call this approach of "becoming the object" as physics by empathy or thinking inside the box. 

[It is very much related to the principle of "method acting" practiced by such famous actors as Sean Penn, Robert De Niro, Paul Newman, Dustin Hoffman, and Marlon Brando.  The method was invented in the 1920s by Stanislavski in Russia. The trick is to try to "become" the character -- to understand him or her and learn to think and behave like that character. Actually, the metaphor of method acting may be more natural to think about when the object is actually living, like a cell.]

When you think like a block, you realize that you have no concern for what you might be doing to anything else, but only respond to what you feel.  And you have no memory of what happened earlier.  I summarize this as a fundamental assumption of Newton's theoretical framework:

Objects respond only to influences acting upon them at the instant that those influences act.

I sometimes summarize this as object egotism - for objects it's "me, me, me, and right now!"

Now it's clear that while this makes sense for inert objects, for an active organism that has will and intent, it can do things to other objects -- and it may well interact with those other objects purposefully; like pushing forward on a wall when swimming laps to make yourself go backwards. While it is perfectly possible to formulate the theory so that it looks like this, it would be terrible for inert objects.  You would have to say that the block moved when hit by the hammer because the block pushed back on the hammer!

Notice that in building our theories, we have choices which way to go. Here, we have decided to simplify as much as possible -- so as to start with only one object and only focus on its interaction with one other object rather than two or more -- and to consider inert objects as our typical example.  We'll see that we'll be able to successfully and consistently handle complex interactions with three and more objects and even active organisms in our theory built initially for pairs of inert objects -- without having to add any new principles!

Follow-on

• Inertia

Joe Redish 9/12/11

Wolfgang Losert 9/10/2012